IT Infrastructure and Standards - IT Infrastructure: Consultation Paper

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Comparison Table on the Organisation and Practices of Network Information Centres

	ICANN¹⁰	Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC)	.au Domain Administration (auDA) of Australia	Japan Network Information Centre (JPNIC)	Nominet UK	China Internet Network Information Centre (CNNIC)	Taiwan Network Information Centre (TWNIC)	Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA)	Telecom-munications Administration Centre (TAC) of Finland	Hong Kong Network Information Centre (HKNIC)
History	Set up in 1998 after institutional review.	Set up in 1995.	Set up in 1999 after institutional review.	Set up in 1993.	Set up in 1996.	Set up in 1997.	Set up in 1994.	Set up in 1998 after institutional review.	Set up in 1997.	Set up in 1990.
Type of Entity	ICANN is a non-profit making organisation formed from the global Internet community	SGNIC was established as a not-for-profit organisation. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Infocomm Development Authority of the Government of Singapore.	auDA is a self-funding and not-for-profit organisation. The formation of auDA was facilitated by the National Office for the Information Economy of the Australian Government.	JPNIC is a non-profit association. It was incorporated as a government authorized association in March 1997.	Nominet UK is a non-profit company limited by guarantee.	CNNIC is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Government of the People's Republic of China. It is a non-profit organisation.	TWNIC is a non-profit organisation funded by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications and the Computer Society of Taiwan.	CIRA is a non-profit private corporation with Government endorsement.	TAC is an agency under the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC).	HKNIC is a non-profit making organisation under the administration of the Joint Universities Computer Centre (JUCC).
Governance	Board of Directors elected from the three Supporting Organisations and the At-large Membership, together with an ex officio Chief Executive Officer.	Board of Directors consisting of government officials and representatives from the three licensed ISPs. Government official serves as chair.	12 Directors elected from the members: 3 persons elected by the Supply Class Members; 3 persons elected by the Demand Class Members; 3 persons elected by the Representative Association Class Members; 2 persons elected by the Members voting together as a whole; The CEO of auDA as a non-voting member of the board.	Managed by the Board of Trustees. Fifteen-member Board of Trustees elected from and by the membership. Board appoints chair from its own members. Twenty-member steering committee appointed by the Board of Trustees. Committee appoints chair from its own members.	Steering committee elected from and by the membership. Board of non-executive directors appointed to six-member council of management by steering committee. Fifteen-member policy advisory board, partly elected by membership and partly appointed by council. Advisory board chair appointed from its own members.	The housekeeping responsibility of CNNIC is undertaken by the Chinese Academy of Science. As for its business functions, CNNIC is under the leadership of the Ministry of Information Industry.	TWNIC is run under a steering committee composed of 24 commissars representing the industry, government, computer societies, and academia.	Ten directors elected by members serving staggered two-year terms. No maximum number of terms. One director appointed by the board as chair. Government has permanent, non-voting, ex¡@ex¡@officiseat on board.	The board members are appointed by the MTC for three years at a time.	Board of Management of the JUCC.
Membership	The At-Large membership is open worldwide.	No membership.	3 classes of members from the Internet community: Supply: Any Legal Person that is a Registry Administrator or is engaged in the provision of domain names within .au as a major or regular business activity. Demand: Any Legal Person that does not qualify for Supply Class membership may apply to be a Demand Class Member. Representative Associations: any association having at least 100 members, or representing at least 30 organisations	Members are mostly with knowledge and experience on computer networking operations.	Open membership. No membership categories.	No membership.	Members include non-profit making organisations, ISPs, commercial companies, government offices, universities and research organisations.	Every domain name holder automatically qualifies for membership. Members elect the board on an annual basis. No membership categories.	No membership.	No membership.
Sources of Income	Fees collected from ¡V Registry (outsourced to Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI)); Registrars; ccTLD Registries	Fees collected from ¡V End-users	Fees collected from¡@Fees collected fro¡V Members; Registrars (under discussion)	Fees collected from ¡V Members; Registrars (per domain name registration); End-users	Fees collected from ¡V Members; Registrars (per domain name registration); End-users	Fees collected from ¡V End-users Registrars (which collect registration fees from end-users on behalf of the NIC)	Fees collected from ¡V Registrars (which collect registration fees from end-users on behalf of the NIC)	Fees collected from¡@Fees collected fro¡V Registrars (when the registration scheme is open for private sector participation as registrars).	Fees collected from ¡V End-users	Fees collected from ¡V End-users
Registry	Outsourced to NSI.	An operation of SGNIC.	Different organisations for different second level domains.	An operation of JPNIC.	An operation of Nominet UK.	An operation of CNNIC.	An operation of TWNIC.	An operation of CIRA.	An operation of TAC.	Assigned by the JUCC to the Computer Services Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Registrar	Accredited registrars all over the world.	SGNIC (Single registrar, no designated agent)	Different organisations/ persons for different second level domains.	JPNIC. Application can be made to JPNIC direct or through its ISP members.	Nominet UK. Application can be made to Nominet UK direct or through its ISP members.	CNNIC through authorised agents.	TANet (an ISP) is in charge of .edu.tw and .gov.tw. HiNet and SEEDNet (ISPs) are in charge of commercial users. The three ISPs act as handling organisations to provide registrar service. Commercial application can be made to HiNet and SEEDNet direct or via other ISPs who are members of TWNIC to HiNet and SEEDNet.	CIRA for an initial period of around 1 year and will be open to other registrars afterwards.	TAC (Single registrar, no designated agent)	HKNIC (Single registrar, no designated agent)
Responsible for IP addresses allocation policies and procedures	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Domain name structure	The five most common domains (i.e. .com, .org,. net, .edu and .gov), .int for organisations established by international treaties, or international databases, .mil for the US military.	The five most common domains, .per.sg for individuals and a .sch.edu.sg third level domain for schools.	The five most common domains, .id.au for individuals, .info.au for informational resources, .asn.au for associations, .conf.au for conferences and a few other specific domains for Australia.	The five most common domains with some variations in the nomenclature, geographical domains (e.g. .tokyo.jp) and a few other specific domains for Japan.	The five most common domains with some variations in the nomenclature, .ltd.uk for UK limited companies, .plc.uk for UK public limited companies, .sch.uk for UK schools and a few other specific domains for the UK.	The five most common domains, .ac.cn for scientific research institutions, and geographical domains (e.g. .bj.cn).	The five most common domains, .idv.tw for individuals and .mil.tw for use by the Ministry of National Defense.	Structured according to political geography with entities registered at appropriate level - l. national organisation (e.g. xyz.ca) 2. local/provincial organisation (e.g. xyz.on.ca) 3. residential/ municipal organisation (e.g. xyz.toronto.on.ca).	No predefined second level domains.	The five most common domains.
Allow multiple domain names for an applicant ¡@ ¡@ ¡@	No restriction.	Allow multiple domain names applications for an applicant, but one-off registration fee is more expensive (S$120) for additional name(s) applied (S$60 for 1^st domain name).	One domain name for each registered name.	One domain name per organisation.	1. No limitation on number of domain names that may be applied for the co.uk domain. 2. Others : one domain name per organisation.	No limitation on number of domain names that may be applied under the same registered licence/certificate.	One domain name per applicant.	CIRA will not limit the number of domain names a registrant may register.	In most cases, registration of more than one domain name for the same organisation will not be considered.	In most cases, registration of more than one domain name for the same organisation will not be considered.
Allow registration by individuals	No	Yes, registered under .per.sg starting from 1 May 2000	Yes, registered under .id.au	No	No	No	Yes, registered under .idv.tw starting from 1 May 2000	Being planned	No	No
Allow registrations from overseas	Not applicable	No	No	No	co.uk allows registration of commercial and non-commercial entities outside the UK.	No	No	No	No	No
Reservation of domain names not allowed for registration	No	There is a list of reserved per.sg domain names.	Words that are representative commercial categories or sectors (e.g. cars, accounting, etc.)	No	No	Well-known names of other countries or regions, foreign location names and names of international organisations.	No	CIRA maintains a list of domain names not available for registration under .ca. The list is regularly updated and approved by the Board.	No	No
An alternative dispute resolution procedure	Resolve by dispute resolution service providers accredited by ICANN.	No	Refer the dispute to a commercial dispute centre.	JPNIC has formed a Task Force to formulate a dispute resolution policy based on that of ICANN.	Resolve by independent experts (a list of experts is maintained by Nominet UK).	No	No	CIRA has recently proposed an 'Alternative Dispute Resolution' method. Public consultation was just conducted.	No	No

Footnotes:

ICANN is responsible for the international governance of the systems and protocols that keep the Internet going. As such, it is not directly comparable to the local NICs included in this table.